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Characterization of the atmospheric muon flux in IceCube
M. G. Aartsen, K. Abraham, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, D. Altmann, T. Anderson, M. Archinger, C. Argüelles, T. C. Arlen, J. Auffenberg, X. Bai, S. W. Barwick, V. Baum, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, K. Becker, E. Beiser, S. BenZvi, P. Berghaus, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, A. Bernhard, D. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, M. Bissok, E. Blaufuss, J. Blumenthal, D. J. Boersma, C. Böhm, M. Börner, F. Bos, D. Bose, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Braun, L. Brayeur, H.-P. Bretz, A. M. Brown, N. Buzinsky, J. Casey, M. Casier, E. Cheung, D. Chirkin, A. Christov, B. Christy, K. Clark, Lew Classen, S. Coenders, D. F. Cowen, A.H. Cruz Silva, J. Daughhetee, J. C. Davis, M. Day, J. P. A. M. de André, C. De Clercq, H.-P. Dembinski, S. De Ridder, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, J. Dumm, M. Dunkman, R. Eagan, B. Eberhardt, T. Ehrhardt, Björn Eichmann, S. Euler, P.A. Evenson, O. Fadiran, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, J. Feintzeig, J. Felde, Кирилл Филимонов, C. Finley, T. Fischer-Wasels, S. Flis, T. Fuchs, M. Glagla, T.K. Gaisser, R. Gaior, Jay Gallagher, L. Gerhardt, K. Ghorbani, D. Gier, L. Gladstone, T. Glüsenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, G. Golup, J. G. Gonzalez, D. Góra, D. Grant, P. Gretskov, J. C. Groh, A. Groß, C. Ha, Christian Haack, A. Haj Ismail, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, B. Hansmann, K. Hanson, D. Hebecker, D. Heereman, K. Helbing, R. Hellauer, D. Hellwig, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, G. C. Hill, K.D. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, Killian Holzapfel, A. Homeier, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, M. Huber, W. Huelsnitz, P.O. Hulth, K. Hultqvist, S. In, A. Ishihara, E. Jacobi, G. S. Japaridze, K. Jero, M. Jurkovic, B. Kaminsky, A. Kappes, T. Karg, A. Karle, M. Kauer, A. Keivani, J. L. Kelley, J. Kemp, A. Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, J. Kläs, G. Kohnen, R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski, R. Konietz, A. Koob, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, M. Kowalski, K. Krings, G. Kroll, M. Kroll, J. Kunnen, N. Kurahashi, T. Kuwabara, M. Labare, J.L. Lanfranchi, M.J. Larson, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, M. Leuermann, J. Leuner, J. Lünemann, J. Madsen, G. Maggi, K. B. M. Mahn, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, H. S. Matis, R. Maunu, F. McNally, K. Meagher, A. Meli, T. Menne, G. Merino, T. Meures, S. Miarecki, E. Middell, E. Middlemas, J. Miller, L. Mohrmann, T. Montaruli, R. Morse, R. Nahnhauer, U. Naumann, H. Niederhausen, S.C. Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke, A. Olivas, A. Omairat, A. O’Murchadha, T. Palczewski, H. Pandya, Larissa Paul, J.A. Pepper, C. Pérez de los Heros, C. Pfendner, D. Pieloth, E. Pinat, J. Posselt, P.B. Price, G.T. Przybylski, J. Pütz, M. Quinnan, L. Rädel, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, P. Redl, R. Reimann, M. Relich, E. Resconi, W. Rhode, M. Richman, S. Richter, B. Riedel, S. Robertson, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, S. M. Saba, L. Sabbatini, H. G. Sander, Alexander Sandrock, J. Sandroos, S. Sarkar, K. Schatto, F. Scheriau, M. Schimp, T. Schmidt, M. Schmitz, S. Schoenen, S. Schöneberg, A. Schönwald, A. Schukraft, L. Schulte, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, R. Shanidze, M.W.E. Smith, D. Soldin, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, M. Stahlberg, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, N. A. Stanisha, A. Stasik, T. Stezelberger, R.G. Stokstad, A. Stößl, E.A. Strahler, L. R. Strom, N. L. Strotjohann, G. W. Sullivan, M. Sutherland, H. Taavola, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, G. Tešić, S. Tilav, P. A. Toale, M. N. Tobin, D. Tosi, M. Tselengidou, A. Turcati, E. Unger, M. Usner, S. Vallecorsa, N. van Eijndhoven, J. Vandenbroucke, J. van Santen, S. Vanheule, J. Veenkamp, M. Vehring, M. Voge, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, M. Wallraff, N. Wandkowsky, Ch. Weaver, C. Wendt, S. Westerhoff, B.J. Whelan, N. Whitehorn, C. Wichary, K. Wiebe, C. H. Wiebusch, L. Wille, D. R. Williams, H. Wissing, Martin Wolf, T.R. Wood, K. Woschnagg, D.L. Xu, X.W. Xu, Y. Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, G. Yodh, S. Yoshida, P. Zarzhitsky, M. Zoll
Bibliographic record
VenueAstroparticle Physics · 2016
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of TorontoUniversity of Alberta
FundersMarsden FundJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseAustralian Research CouncilNational Research Foundation of KoreaAgentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en TechnologieFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNational Research FoundationSvenska Forskningsrådet FormasDanmarks GrundforskningsfondBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftVlaamse regeringFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetUniversity of OxfordUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungU.S. Department of EnergyNational Science Foundation
KeywordsPhysicsMuonCosmic rayFlux (metallurgy)Nuclear physics
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.009
Threshold uncertainty score0.017
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.193
Teacher spread0.187 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations81
Published2016
Admission routes2
Has abstractno