Simplified finite element modelling of end cover separation in RC beams flexurally-strengthened with bonded FRP reinforcement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The flexural performance of RC beams can be improved using externally bonded (EB) or near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. One of the commonly observed failure modes of such FRP-strengthened RC beams is the end cover separation failure mode which involves the detachment of the bonded FRP reinforcement together with the cover concrete along the level of the longitudinal steel reinforcement. This paper presents a simplified finite element (FE) model for end cover separation failure in RC beams flexurally-strengthened with either EB or NSM FRP. In this simplified FE model, only the part of the RC beam between the two cracks near the critical end of the FRP reinforcement is simulated. This model leads to the determination of the FRP debonding strain at the cracked section in the strengthened region nearest to the critical end (excluding the one at the end), which can then be used to determine the moment acting on the section at debonding failure through conventional section analysis. The validity of the proposed FE model is verified using laboratory test results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".