Cortisol and catecholamine responses to social context and a chemical alarm signal in juvenile lake sturgeon, <i>Acipenser</i> <i>fulvescens</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined potential benefits of group living in juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) and whether those benefits applied equally to associations with conspecific and allospecific individuals. In the first experiment, one focal lake sturgeon was placed with either seven size-matched conspecifics, allospecifics, or in isolation and given a 30 s air exposure. In the second experiment, one focal lake sturgeon was placed with either seven conspecifics or in isolation and was exposed to a conspecific skin homogenate as a potential alarm substance or a control of distilled water. Cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels were measured before and after exposure in each experiment via an indwelling cannula in the caudal sinus. In the first experiment, lake sturgeon held with allospecifics and in isolation had a significantly longer norepinephrine response. Furthermore, plasma norepinephrine concentration in the focal lake sturgeon in the allospecific treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments following air exposure. In the second experiment, there was no behavioural or hormonal response to the introduction of conspecific skin homogenate, yet isolated fish had elevated baseline norepinephrine and cortisol levels. Finally, comparison of baseline levels of all three hormones between two ages of juveniles indicated an effect of age on baseline epinephrine levels. Our findings confirm the potential physiological benefit of group living in lake sturgeon and suggest an ontogenetic shift in both the behavioural response to potential stressors and the baseline hormonal levels that may influence fitness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".