At what distance do wolves move away from an approaching human?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Management of controversial animals, like large carnivores, in multi-use landscapes is highly dependent on human tolerance. Human fear of wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) is known to be an important variable affecting human attitudes towards wolves. Successful management of wolves thus forces managers to respond to human fear of wolves. In this study, we assess the distance at which radio-collared wolves move away from an approaching human, also called the flight initiation distance (FID), and how FID is affected by wind speed and wind direction. We used silent VHF receivers and walked at normal pace towards radio-collared wolves. When approaching the wolves, we made no attempt to hide or walk in a less noisy manner. In the 34 experimental provocations, wolves moved away when the approaching human was between 17 and 310 m away. The mean FID was 106 m. FID was negatively correlated with wind speed. One hour after having been roused by the approaching human, wolves had moved a median distance of 1.2 km.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".