Repeatability of MR imaging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: COPD is a broad disease entity defined by PFT, however providing only a global measure of the disease. With the increasing number of therapeutic options, particularly when it is advanced, there is a high demand for a non-invasive imaging test to identify different phenotypes providing regional information on structural and functional changes in order to target therapies accordingly. Recent developments have opened the way for introduction of proton MRI of the lung into the clinical arena. This technique allows for radiation free assessment of the above mentioned issues. So far, no data regarding the repeatability of this technique is available. Materials/Methods: A comprehensive MR protocol (1.5T) was developed to investigate different aspects of the disease. The protocol consisted of morphological, pulmonary perfusion, cardiac function and respiratory dynamics sequences. Overall, 9 patients (COPD stages III&IV) were investigated twice in a 24h interval. Results: The mean examination time was 64min and all patients tolerated the examination well. Visual evaluation of morphological and perfusion sequences demonstrated a good repeatability of the visualization of the parenchymal loss and perfusion defects. Quantitative evaluation of flow measurements revealed considerable variations (interexamination difference for the PA flow: 7-64ml). Evaluation of the respiratory dynamics showed a broad variation allowing for no meaningful interpretation. Conclusions: Overall, the proposed imaging protocol is feasible and applicable even in significantly ill COPD patients. The protocol is easy to use and shows a high repeatability in the key aspects for assessment of morphological and functional disease components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".