Bidirectional strut method: out-of-plane strength of confined masonry walls
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analytical method to determine the out-of-plane strength of confined masonry walls is developed. The method is called the “bidirectional strut method.” Walls with and without openings subjected to combined out-of-plane and axial loads are considered. The method is based on two-way arching action. Masonry compressive strut forces are transferred eccentrically to the concrete confining elements. Flexural and torsional effects, together with the variation of displacements along these elements, are considered. Analytical strengths of confined walls are determined using this method. These strengths are compared with experimental and other analytical strengths. A sensitivity analysis of the strength is carried out considering different variables. It is concluded that the bidirectional strut method accurately predicts the strength of the walls studied. The main variables that affect the strength are the wall aspect ratio, wall slenderness ratio, and the stiffness of the confining elements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it