Breastfeeding, infant gut microbiota, and early childhood overweight (637.4)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: Breastfeeding may be protective against obesity, but existing evidence is inconsistent. The gut microbiota, which itself is shaped by breastfeeding and other early‐life exposures, may also contribute to the development of obesity. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding is protective against early childhood overweight, and to explore related associations with the gut microbiota. METHODS: The study involved 346 full term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) national birth cohort. Mothers reported breastfeeding by standardized questionnaire, and child overweight was defined by weight‐for‐length z‐score (WFLz) according to World Health Organization standards. In a subset of 158 infants, the gut microbiota was characterized by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples collected at 3 months. RESULTS: Breastfeeding rates (any breastfeeding) were 81%, 73%, and 46% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. By 12 months, 16% of children were at risk for overweight (> 85th percentile WFLz). After adjusting for birth mode and maternal overweight, breastfeeding >6 months was associated with a significantly lower risk of child overweight (OR 0.35, 95%CI 0.18‐0.68). Gut microbiota composition and diversity were strongly influenced by breastfeeding (p<0.01 by permutational multivariate ANOVA), and were also associated with child overweight: breastfeeding promoted lower diversity and decreased abundance of Clostridiales (both p<0.01), characteristics which subsequently predicted a reduced risk of overweight (both p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that breastfeeding beyond 6 months protects against early childhood overweight, possibly by modifying the gut microbiota. These findings are relevant to infant nutrition‐based obesity prevention strategies. Future research will incorporate extended microbiota analyses, detailed nutrition assessments, and longitudinal measures of obesity throughout childhood. Grant Funding Source : Supported by the Candian Institutes of Health Research and AllerGen NCE.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".