Parasternal muscle contractility increases with aminophylline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The traditional theophylline bronchodilator, Aminophylline, is still widely used, especially in the treatment of COPD. However, in COPD patients the effects of theophylline have been inconsistent. Recently, Aminophylline was shown to increase ventilation and costal diaphragm contractility in awake canines (Jagers et al. Resp. Phys. 2009;167:273-280). Aim: To investigate the effect of Aminophylline at therapeutic levels on the primary chest wall muscle, Parasternal Intercostal. Methods: Sonomicrometry transducers and EMG electrodes were implanted in the left parasternal muscle. After recovery, the animals were studied awake, unanesthetized and breathing through a snout mask; air flow, ETCO2, heart rate, muscle length and shortening, and moving average EMG were recorded during room air, and CO2 stimulated ventilation, before and after loading and continuous infusion of Aminophylline at therapeutic levels. Results: For N=5 dogs (mean 31.1 kg) 24 days post implantation. Aminophylline serum levels were 66.4 umol/L (therapeutic range 55-110). Minute ventilation increased significantly with Aminophylline: 6.7, 7.84, 11.8 and 16.6 L/min at room air, low (46), medium (52) and high (57 mmHg) CO2 stimulated breathing respectively. Parasternal contractility increased significantly. ![Figure][1] Conclusion: Parasternal muscle contractility increases with greater muscle shortening per EMG, in awake, intact canines, at therapeutic levels of Aminophylline. [1]: pending:yes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".