A low-power DC-DC converter with digital spread spectrum for reduced EMI
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a 1.8 V step-down DC-DC converter prototype with a hybrid delay-line based digital pulse-width modulator. A spread spectrum clock generation scheme is demonstrated for reducing EMI. The switching frequency of the buck converter prototype is automatically varied from 1.74 MHz to 2.84 MHz in 128 steps using a pseudo-random 512 cycle pattern, resulting in a 23 dB reduction in the conducted EMI peak. The digital pseudo-random pattern is converted to an analog reference voltage using a low-cost one-bit delta-sigma DAC having an over-sampling rate of 4096. The DAC output modulates the reference voltage of an LDO that regulates the delay-line supply voltage. It is shown that the effective duty-cycle changes by only 0.27 % over the frequency range. With spread spectrum mode enabled, the inductor current ripple becomes time-dependent but the efficiency degrades by less than 0.1%. The proposed architecture can be applied to a wide variety of state-of-the-art digital controllers that rely on delay-line based pulse width modulators.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it