Two‐dimensional modeling of flow and transport in the vadose zone with surfactant‐induced flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface‐active solutes (surfactants) can induce capillary pressure gradients and water fluxes within the vadose zone. Common numerical models do not account for the effects of surfactant‐induced capillary pressure gradients on unsaturated flow and transport. We modified the variably saturated flow and transport model HYDRUS‐2D [ Simunek et al., 1999 ] to incorporate the effects of surfactant concentration‐dependent changes to surface tension and viscosity on moisture retention and hydraulic conductivity, respectively. The model was tested by simulating the two‐dimensional surfactant infiltration experiment of Henry and Smith [2002] . The model successfully captured the major processes associated with the advance of a surface‐active contaminant plume through the vadose zone, including drainage of the vadose zone and depression of the capillary fringe associated with the solute front. The simulations also provided insight into unusual features of surfactant‐induced flow such as the upward flow of surfactant solution that was associated with capillary fringe drainage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".