Evolution of the Genes Encoding Starch Synthase in Sorghum and Common Wheat
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Starch synthases (SSs) play important roles in plant starch synthesis. Five enzymetic isoforms of starch synthases have been found in plant, some of isoforms have further diverged possibly via whole genome duplication events, which might result in two or three subclasses of the sequences in rice and maize. In this study, we found the retention of GBSS, SSII, and SSIII duplicators except for the SSIV duplicator in genomes of sorghum and wheat. The SSIV gene might have been lost in maize and sorghum genomes based on the synteny relationship among rice maize and sorghum. Expression analyses indicated that the SS duplicators were also diverged from the duplicators of SbGBSSI, SbSSIIIa in expression pattern, and SbSSIIa were expressed mainly in endosperm in sorghum, whereas SbGBSSII, SbSSIIb, and SbSSIIIb of sorghum, TaSSIIb and TaSSIIIb of common wheat, were expressed mainly in leaves. Our findings, in combination with previous studies, indicate that the SSIV duplicator should be not remained in all Gramineae species, while the expression of duplicated SS genes diverged similarly in the studied species.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it