Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, we have encountered two dogs (Labrador retriever, 7-year-old neutered-male; cocker spaniel, 1-year-old female-entire) that have been diagnosed with idiopathic hemifacial tetanus. Haematology, serum biochemistry, thyroid function and pre- and post-contrast MR imaging of the brain were unremarkable in each dog. On the affected side of the face, there was a slightly narrowed palpebral fissure, the upper and lower lips appeared contracted and displaced caudally, the ear appeared slightly elevated and the nose was deviated towards the affected side. At induction of general anaesthesia the hemifacial tetanus resolved in both dogs. Electromyography (EMG) was carried out under general anaesthesia and showed doublets (Labrador retriever: 40–48 μV at intervals of 20 ms; cocker spaniel: 170–180 μV at intervals of 20 ms) (Fig 1) and fibrillation potentials in the affected facial muscles. No treatment was given to both dogs. The Labrador retriever was re-evaluated after 12 months and the cocker spaniel after 6 months. The hemifacial tetanus remained unchanged in both dogs. Electromyography findings have never been reported in dogs with hemifacial tetanus. Doublets are double discharges of the same motor unit at intervals of 2–20 ms (De Risio et al. 2006, Kimura 2013). In humans with hemifacial spasm, doublets are not a typical EMG feature (Kimura 2013). Commonly, in humans doublets accompany tetany (Kimura 2013) and they have been detected in a dog with focal tetanus (De Risio et al. 2006). The clinical and EMG features in the dogs under study suggest that the hemifacial muscle contractions are a form of tetanus (de Lahunta & Glass 2009) and, therefore, it is suggested that this specific clinical condition should be referred as canine idiopathic hemifacial tetanus. The human disorder is truly a spasm of the facial muscles and is often related to an aberrant position of an artery at the internal acoustic meatus. Muscle spasms are never seen in affected dogs, only a tetanus of the affected facial muscles. Luca Motta and Alexander de Lahunta* Chester Gates Veterinary Specialists (CVS LTD), Gates Lane, Telford Court, Unit F/E, Chester, Cheshire, CH1 6LT *College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, PO Box 907, Rye, NH 03870, USA
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".