Periconceptional Folic Acid Supplementation and Infant Risk of Congenital Heart Defects in<scp>N</scp>orway 1999–2009
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The birth prevalence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) has decreased in Canada and Europe. Recommended intake of folic acid in pregnancy is a suggestive risk-reducing factor for CHDs. We investigated the association between periconceptional intake of folic acid supplements and infant risk of CHDs. METHODS: Information on maternal intake of folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway 1999-2009 was updated with information on CHD diagnoses from national health registers and the Cardiovascular Diseases in Norway Project. The association between folic acid intake and infant risk of CHD was estimated as relative risk (RR) with binomial log linear regression. RESULTS: Among 517 784 non-chromosomal singleton births, 6200 children were identified with CHD and 1153 with severe CHD. For all births, 18.4% of the mothers initiated folic acid supplements before pregnancy and 31.6% during pregnancy. The adjusted RR for severe CHD was 0.99 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86, 1.13] comparing periconceptional intake of folic acid with no intake. Specifically, RR for conotruncal defects was 0.99 [95% CI 0.80, 1.22], atrioventricular septal defects 1.19 [95% CI 0.78, 1.81], left ventricular outflow tract obstructions 1.02 [95% CI 0.78, 1.32], and right ventricular outflow tract obstructions 0.97 [95% CI 0.72, 1.29]. Birth prevalence of septal defects was higher in the group exposed to folic acid supplements with RR 1.19 [95% CI 1.10, 1.30]. CONCLUSIONS: Periconceptional folic acid supplement use showed no association with severe CHDs in the newborn. An unexpected association with an increased risk of septal defects warrants further investigation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it