On Interfuel Substitution: Some International Evidence
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper estimates interfuel \n substitution elasticities in selected developing and \n industrialized economies at the national and sector levels. \n In doing so, it employs state-of-the-art techniques in \n microeconometrics, particularly the locally flexible \n normalized quadratic functional forms, and provides evidence \n consistent with neoclassical microeconomic theory. The \n results indicate that the interfuel substitution \n elasticities are consistently below unity, revealing the \n limited ability to substitute between major energy \n commodities (i.e., coal, oil, gas, and electricity). While \n the study finds some evidences of larger interfuel \n substitution potential in high-income economies as compared \n to that in the middle- and low-income economies in the \n industrial and transportation sectors, no such evidence is \n observed in the residential and electricity generation \n sectors or at the national level. The implication is that \n interfuel substitution depends on the structure of the \n economy, not the level of economic development. Moreover, a \n higher change in relative prices is needed to induce \n switching toward a lower carbon economy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it