Relationship of Sleep Apnea to Functional Capacity and Length of Hospitalization Following Stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence indicates that sleep apnea is common in patients with stroke. We hypothesized that the presence of sleep apnea among stroke patients would be associated with a greater degree of functional disability and longer hospitalization following stroke. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Sixty-one stroke patients admitted to a stroke rehabilitation unit. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sleep studies were performed on all patients, and sleep apnea was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index of 10 or more per hour of sleep. Patients underwent functional assessments, including the Functional Independence Measure. Sleep apnea was found in 72% of patients; 60% had predominantly obstructive sleep apnea, while 12% had predominantly central sleep apnea. Although the severity of stroke was similar in the 2 groups, compared to patients without sleep apnea, those with sleep apnea had lower functional capacity [Functional Independence Measure score (mean +/- SEM) 80.2 +/- 3.6 versus 94.7 +/- 4.3, p < 0.05 at admission, and 101.5 +/- 2.8 versus 112.9 +/- 2.7, p < 0.05 at discharge] and spent significantly more days in rehabilitation (45.5 +/- 2.3 versus 32.1 +/- 2.7 days, p < 0.005). In addition, multiple regression analysis showed that obstructive sleep apnea was significantly and independently related to functional impairment and length of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep apnea is very common among stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation, and its presence is associated with worse functional impairment and a longer period of hospitalization and rehabilitation. These data suggest that sleep apnea may be contributing to functional impairment and prolonged hospitalization following stroke.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".