Seasonal variation in cod feeding and growth in a changing sea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seasonal variation in feeding and growth of 3- to 9-year-old Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was studied using data from joint Norwegian–Russian surveys in January–March (winter survey) and September–August (ecosystem survey) in the Barents Sea. The study encompassed the warmest period on record, with large cod stock and both low (2004–2007) and high (2008–2013) abundance of Barents Sea cod’s main prey, capelin (Mallotus villosus). Feeding on capelin was most important in winter. Energy acquisition (kJ·day−1) was higher during fall, but in years with high capelin abundance the seasonal difference was smaller. There was no difference in energy acquisition in years with high and low capelin abundance, underpinning recent findings on decoupling between capelin abundance and cod demography. Compensatory feeding on alternative prey takes place in fall, but not in winter. These findings were consistent across age groups. The results found for energy acquisition was mirrored in growth; in years with low capelin abundance, there was a seasonal difference in growth, whereas in years with high capelin abundance, the difference was absent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".