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Record W1849523790

Kan risken för spontan contortaföryngring elimineras genom hyggesbränning

2009· article· sv· W1849523790 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Frida Carlstedt

Bibliographic record

VenueEpsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton) · 2009
Typearticle
Languagesv
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicFire effects on ecosystems
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsFellingSlash (logging)Crown (dentistry)Pinus contortaForestryNatural (archaeology)TaigaEnvironmental scienceAgroforestryGeographyArchaeology
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Sweden has almost 600 000 hectares planted with lodgepole pine, and large areas are soon ready to be clear-felled. The provenances that have been planted are producing high level of permanently closed, so called serotinous, cones. In their natural setting, the Canadian boreal forest, these cones are opened mainly after crown fires when the heat make the resin between the cone scales melt, which releases the seeds. This is viewed as an adaption to the fire regimes that prevail over the natural distribution area of lodgepole pine. Because of the short flame-exposure that occurs in a crown fire, the seeds can survive. 
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\nSeeds in serotinous cones keep their viability for several years and that results in the build-up of a large seed bank in the tree crowns. After clear felling, the slash and cones will be deposited on the forest floor. Experiences from Canada show that the heat from the sun on a clear-felled area is enough for the serotinous cones to be gradually opened over time. Therefore, we expect a large amount of lodgepole pine regeneration in the Swedish forest after clear-felling. There are situations when this is unwanted; when the provenance is inappropriate; when a change of tree species is wanted, when the stand is in or close to a natural reserve. Here I investigate whether prescribe fire after clear-felling can eliminate the risk of unwanted spontaneous regeneration of lodgepole pine. My hypothesis is that a fire on a clear-felled area gives long enough flame exposure to kill all seeds in the serotinous cones of lodgepole pine, in contrary to situations during crown fire.
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\nA clear-felled area with slash from Pinus sylvestris was used as a substitute for clear-felled lodgepole pine. Branches from lodgepole pine with cones were placed on and between slash heaps of different sizes, and the area was burned. Further, in a controlled experiment, cones were exposed to fire under different time periods. In some cases the temperature was measured inside the cones during flame exposure.
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\nThe bigger heaps of slash burned longer (12 minutes) than the smaller ones (9 minutes) and the mosslayer without slash burned for only 50 seconds. Burning the clear-felled area resulted in almost total seed mortality for the serotinous cones (3 of 3154 seeds germinated; all from one cone). For the non-burned cones 44 % of the filled seeds germinated. There was almost no difference in seed viability between the age classes (up to 7 years) for the serotinous cones. 
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\nThe seeds inside cones in the controlled experiment died when cones were exposed to flames for 60 seconds or longer. With 60 seconds of flame exposure to the cones, seeds inside the cones were exposure to temperatures over 50C for 6 minutes and peak temperature around 100C. That is likely to be the threshold for survival of seeds in serotinous cones.
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\nThere results show that if a clear-felled area is burned, virtually all seeds in the serotinous cones will be killed, and prescribed burning is therefore a safe method to eliminate the risk of spontaneous regeneration after cutting a stand of lodgepole pine.
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\nSammanfattning (swe)
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\nSverige har nästan 600 000 hektar med contortatall och dessa börjar snart bli avverkningsmogna. De contortaprovenienser som har planterats producerar i hög grad permanent slutna, så kallade serotina, kottar. Dessa öppnas främst efter en kronbrand när värmen gör att kådan mellan kottefjällen smälter och fröna frigörs. Det ses som en anpassning till den brandregim som råder i contortatallens naturliga utbredningsområde. Vid en kronbrand exponeras kottarna i eldflammorna så kort tid att fröna inte tar skada. 
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\nDe serotina kottarnas frön behåller sin vitalitet i flera år och det byggs därför upp stora lager av frön i contortatallens kronor. Vid avverkning hamnar kottarna på marken och erfarenheter från Canada visar att solvärmningen nära marken på hyggen räcker för att öppna kottarna. Därför kommer troligtvis mängder av frön att spridas efter kalavverkning av contortabestånd även i Sverige. Det kan finnas flera situationer när man vill undvika självföryngring av contorta: proveniensen är olämplig; man vill byta trädslag; beståndet ligger i eller nära ett reservat. I denna studie undersöktes om hyggesbränning kan eliminera risken för oönskad spontan föryngring av contortatall. Min hypotes är att hyggesbränning ger tillräckligt lång flamexponering för att kunna döda fröna i de serotina kottarna, i motsats till situationen vid en kronbrand.
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\nEn avverkningsyta med hyggesrester av tall fick utgöra substitut för ett avverkat contortabestånd. Grenar av contortatall med kottar på placerades ut på olika stora hyggeshögar, varefter hygget brändes. Vidare gjordes ett experiment där kottar exponerades för eld under olika lång tid. I några fall mättes även temperaturen inne i kottar under flamexponering, med hjälp av termoelement. 
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\nDe olika stora högarna med hyggesrester skildes åt i bränningstid med att de större brann längre (9-12 minuter) och mosskiktet utan hyggesrester brann kortast tid (50 sekunder). Hyggesbränningen resulterade i närapå fullständig mortalitet för contortatallens frön (3 av 3154 grodde; alla från en kotte). För obehandlade kottar grodde 44 procent av de fyllda fröna. Det var ingen markant skillnad på groningsprocenten mellan olika åldrar på kottarna (upp till sju år). Det fanns dock en svag tendens till lägre vitalitet hos de äldre kottarna.
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\nI det kontrollerade försöket dog fröna efter att kottarna exponerats över 60 sekunder i eldflammor. Vid så lång exponerig utsattes fröna i kottarnas centrum för temperaturer över 50C under omkring sex minuter och den högsta uppnådda temperaturen strax under 100C, vilket kan antas vara tröskelvärdet för när frön i contortakottar dör.
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\nResultaten av studien visade att en hyggesbränning ger tillräckligt lång exponeringstid för att fröna i kottarna ska dödas och hyggesbränning kan därför vara en säker metod om man vill eliminera risken för spontan självföryngring av contortatall, efter att bestånden avverkats.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.472
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0020.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.232
Teacher spread0.219 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2009
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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