Bibliographic record
Abstract
Union density — the proportion of wage and salary earners who are union members — has been falling around the world in recent years.2 Although there are exceptions, the trend has been pervasive. The reasons for the decline are well-known and documented in several studies. The major factors contributing to the decline include corporate restructuring in the wake of globalization (marked by downsizing, outsourcing, and use of part-time, temporary, and contract work); privatization and contracting out of public services; increasing application of information technologies and new methods of production and management; changes in public policy towards deregulation and market-oriented solutions; aggressive antiunion employer behaviour and attitudes; insufficient organizing efforts by unions to offset losses in membership, and the inability of unions to work in solidarity to organize the expanding nonunion workforce. Canada is no exception.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.024 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.053 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.024 | 0.018 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".