Hormonal responses after resistance exercise performed with maximum and submaximum movement velocities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the effects of maximum and submaximum movement velocities after a muscular hypertrophy type resistance exercise protocol on testosterone, human growth hormone (hGH) and cortisol concentrations and on neuromuscular performance assessed with a vertical jump. Eleven males performed a control and 3 resistance exercise protocols (4 sets of squat and 4 sets of leg-press exercises, 8 repetitions/set, 10-repetition maximum load). The first exercise protocol was performed at maximum velocity (Vmax); the second at 70% of Vmax with equal training volume (70%VmaxEV) to Vmax; and the third at 70% of Vmax (70%Vmax) with a 10.6% higher training volume to Vmax. Testosterone and hGH increased after all exercise protocols (p < 0.05) compared with baseline and were higher versus control values (p < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations gradually decreased in 70%Vmax, 70%VmaxEV and control protocols following a typical circadian rhythm (p < 0.05), but remained relatively constant in Vmax protocol. Comparisons among protocols showed that hGH was higher in 70%Vmax versus Vmax (p < 0.05), while cortisol was higher in Vmax versus 70%VmaxEV and control (p < 0.05). The greatest reduction in vertical jump and increase in heart rate were observed after the Vmax protocol (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a hypertrophy type resistance exercise protocol performed at maximum movement velocity increases testosterone and hGH and generates a greater biological stress, as evident by a higher cortisol concentrations and heart rate responses, and a greater reduction in neuromuscular performance. A protocol, however, performed at submaximum movement velocity combined with greater training volume stimulates to a greater extent the hGH response with no effect on cortisol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".