L’émigration des Pyrénéennes en Amérique du Nord aux XIXe et XXe siècles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Les Pyreneennes n’etaient pas moins nombreuses a emigrer aux Etats-Unis aux XIXe et XXe siecles que les pyreneens simplement a cause du cout et des dangers que leur faisaient encourir l’emigration, comme l’historiographie l’a affirme. En realite, elles refusaient l’emigration car les possibilites qui leur etaient offertes en France semblaient leur convenir davantage. En utilisant le cas basque et des sources et methodes differentes en meme temps (les recensements, les genealogies, los archives successorales et des entretiens avec des emigrantes), cet article s’attachera a demontrer que le « systeme a maison pyreneen », caracterise par l’heritage unique, toujours d’actualite en France en depit des lois egalitaires du Code civil, etait responsable de la plus grande sedentarite des femmes par rapport aux hommes. Ces dernieres heritaient plus souvent que dans le passe afin de prendre la releve des hommes qui eux preferaient l’emigration en Amerique. En outre, ces femmes refusaient de suivre un frere parfois confortablement etablis aux Etats-Unis car les conditions de vie et de travail a des milliers de kilometres les en dissuadaient en depit des meilleures possibilites de reussite sociale. Celles qui malgre cela ont accepte de s'expatrier l'ont fait au prix de grands sacrifices. Elles ont fait preuve d'une grande force de caractere pour affronter les epreuves. Enfin, elles ont contribue a la formation, la consolidation et au developpement de communautes basques de telle sorte que certaines pratiques familiales et culturelles perdurent aujourd’hui aux Etats-Unis. Fewer Pyrenean women than men emigrated to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but the reason was neither the cost nor the dangers of emigration, as historiography has claimed. In fact, these women had other more preferable opportunities in France. Using the Basque case, together with different sources and methods (census, genealogies, property documentation, and interviews with emigrants), this article aims to demonstrate that the Pyrenean “house system”, characterized by single inheritance, still prevalent at the time despite the egalitarian laws of the Civil Code, was responsible for women’s reluctance to emigrate. They inherited patrimony more often than had previously been the case, thus taking over the responsibilities of men who instead preferred to emigrate to America. Some women refused to join brothers who sometimes fared well in the United States because they found living and working conditions thousands of miles away discouraging, despite better opportunities of economic success. Those who, despite these conditions, decided to emigrate made great sacrifices. A strong character was needed to overcome the inherent ordeals. However, these emigrants were responsible for the creation, development, and proliferation of Basque communities that have perpetuated family and cultural practices in America to the present day.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".