ENGAGING DIASPORA COMMUNITIES IN' DEVELOPMENT: AN INVESTIGATION OF FILIPINO HOMETOWN ASSOCIATIONS IN CANADA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study examines the potential role that donor agencies may have in facilitating the flow of group donations called collective remittances among migrant organisations, which fund development projects in their home communities. It focuses on Filipino hometown associations (HTAs) in Canada and the barriers that prevent then1 from sending resources to the Philippines regularly. The study draws information from three sources: a literature review of diaspora philanthropy, a survey of Filipino HTAs and interviews of stakeholders. The analysis reveals that high transaction costs are the major factor contributing to the sporadic exchanges of resources. Transaction costs occur due to limited exchanges of information, which leads to greater risk and uncertainty for stakeholders at both the 'giving' and 'receiving' ends of the transaction. The study recommends that donor assistance should focus on capacity building to give stakeholders in the Philippines the opportunity to improve their communication and outreach strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.039 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".