Formation and annihilation of the metastable defect in boron-doped Czochralski silicon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper aims at elucidating the physical mechanism responsible for the light-induced efficiency degradation of solar cells fabricated on boron-doped Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si). Lifetime measurements on Cz-Si wafers at defined injection levels show that the concentration of the light-induced metastable defect increases linearly with the substitutional boron concentration. Moreover, a quadratic increase with the interstitial oxygen density is measured. The defect generation rate is examined as a function of temperature at constant illumination intensity. Our measurements clearly prove that the defect generation process is thermally activated with a relatively low energy barrier of E/sub gen/ = 0.4 eV. The activation energy of the defect annihilation process is determined to be independent of the boron doping level at E/sub ann/ = 1.8 eV. On the basis of our experimental findings, we introduce a new defect reaction model. In this model, fast-diffusing oxygen dimers O/sub 2i/ are captured by substitutional boron B/sub s/, to form a complex B/sub s/-O/sub 2i,/ acting as highly effective recombination center. Promising new strategies for an effective reduction of the light degradation are derived from the proposed model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".