‘We Have Come to Love Them’: Russian Mennonite Refugees in the Netherlands, 1945-1947
Bibliographic record
Abstract
“We hebben ze lief gekregen” (“We have come to love them”), wrote Hendrika G. Zijlstra, pastor of the Dutch Mennonite congregation in Ternaard, the Netherlands, in her annual congregational report of 1947. Zijlstra was referring to the Mennonite refugees from the Soviet Union who had stayed in her Frisian village for about a year and were departing for Paraguay in late January 1947.1 Undoubtedly, she spoke for many Dutch host families who provided shelter and comfort for these Mennonite refugees after they crossed the Dutch border in 194546, just ahead of the advancing Soviet forces that tried to recapture and force them to return to their Communist “paradise.” These refugees were part of a tragic and painful Mennonite exodus from the Soviet Union, a story that is well known.2 This article focuses primarily on the refugees’ temporary stay in the Netherlands on their way to Paraguay, Canada, and the United States. It is based on many interviews, archival materials and published sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".