Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calcium phosphate ceramics and cements are increasingly used in bone surgery. This manuscript reports firstly shaping of nanocrystalline Ca-P using low temperature processes and secondly the setting process of a mineral cement based on amorphous calcium phosphate. After a general presentation of the main physicochemical properties of the calcium phosphates and of current ceramics and cements, different preparations of nanocrystalline apatites in aqueous media are described and trials of ceramisation have been carried out: mainly simple compaction and natural sintering at different temperatures and very low temperature uniaxial compression. This last method was found to preserve the nanocrystalline character of the Ca-P apatite and to produce ceramics with a high compressive strength. Optimal sintering conditions and the properties of the resulting ceramics were shown to be affected by the chemical modifications of the nanocrystal surface. Several factors affecting the setting of amorphous calcium phosphate – based cements commercialized by ETEX Corporation have also been investigated. The conversion of the amorphous phase into apatite has been shown to be responsible for the setting of phosphocalcium cements. Among the different factors studied (solid/solution ratio, preheating, presence of crystal growth inhibitors, ionic strength of the aqueous phase) only the solid/solution ratio seems to have no noteworthy influence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".