Multiwavelength observations of cirrus clouds in the North Celestial Loop: physical parameters of molecular sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this third paper of the series, we continue to investigate the transition between atomic and molecular gas in two potential sites of molecule formation at high Galactic latitude, which we call the Spider and Ursa Major. Using Five College Radio Astronomical Observatory 12CO (J= 1–0) observations and four clump identification algorithms, the clump properties are first determined in both regions, showing similar properties compared to the clumps found in translucent clouds. New higher resolution 12CO (J= 1–0) and 13CO (J= 1–0) observations from the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique and new 12CO (J= 2–1) observations from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (resolution ≈20 arcsec) are also presented in five fields for the Spider (560 spectra) and in two fields for Ursa Major (288 spectra). Using a large velocity gradient model, physical parameters (density and column density) are determined in each field. The densities are smaller at the location of the infrared excess peaks (<200 cm−3) than at the locations of the 12CO peaks (≈103 cm−3), confirming that a small density could explain the absence of coincidence between the infrared excess peak and the 12CO peak. Self-shielding is probably efficient given the computed 12CO column densities (≈1015 cm−2).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".