Bibliographic record
Abstract
A non-singular cosmology is derived in modified gravity (MOG) with a varying gravitational coupling strength $G(t)=G_Nξ(t)$. Assuming that the curvature $k$, the cosmological constant $Λ$ and $ρ$ vanish at $t=0$, we obtain a non-singular universe with a negative pressure, $p_G < 0$. Quantum fluctuations at $t\sim 0$ produce creation of pairs of particles from the vacuum explaining the origin of matter. The universe expands for $t\to \infty$ according to the standard radiation and matter dominated solutions. The arrow of time reverses at $t=0$ always pointing in the direction of increasing entropy ${\cal S}$ and the entropy is at a minimum value at $t=0$, solving the conundrum of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The Hubble radius $H^{-1}(t)$ is infinite at $t=0$ removing the curvature and particle horizons. The negative pressure $p_G$ generated by the scalar field $ξ$ at $t\sim 0$ can produce quantum spontaneous creation of particles explaining the origin of matter and radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".