Bibliographic record
Abstract
Commercial greenhouses require high densities of managed bumble bee colonies to pollinate crops such as tomatoes.This novel environment contains closely aggregated colonies and a deficit of directional cues which may present orientation challenges to foraging bees, resulting in increased amounts of bee drift, defined as when a bee leaves one colony to join another.I examined orientation and drifting behaviour of Bombus occidentalis Greene and Bombus impatiens Cresson, the two major bumble bee pollinators of greenhouse tomatoes in British Columbia.The objectives were to establish the extent and frequency of bee drift into foreign colonies, to examine the potential of nest entrance patterns and landmarks to reduce drift in commercial greenhouses, to investigate characteristics of colonies that contained drifting bees, and to determine behavioural and physical characteristics of drifting versus non-drifting bees.On average 28% of marked bumble bees drifted into foreign hives, making up 0.3-34.8% of the population in those colonies.The use of simple black and white patterns and large landmarks did not affect the number of drifting bees, suggesting that disorientation is not a major contributor to drift or to the substantial loss of adult bees from colonies during their first week in a greenhouse.Bees drifted towards the top position when hives were vertically stacked, had decreased foraging times when landmarks were present in the greenhouse, and showed a marginally increased rate of pollen input to colonies.More drifting bees were found in colonies with higher worker and brood populations and greater pollen stores, but increased intra-colony aggressive interactions were not associated with a higher number of drifting bees.Drifting bees had a significantly greater number of mature eggs in their ovaries than did resident worker bees residing in colonies iii hosting drifters, suggesting that drifting could potentially increase the fitness of individual worker bees and may not be solely a function of disorientation andlor nectar robbing.Taken together, our results suggest that drifting of workers into foreign colonies may demonstrate a pre-adaptation to social parasitism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".