Mechanism of action of sacral nerve stimulation using a transdermal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective treatmentmodality for several urological problems, including neurogenicbladder. However, the invasiveness of this technique makesit unsuitable for many patients. We present a novel transdermalamplitude-modulated signal (TAMS) that may provide a non-invasivealternative to implantable SNM to treat neurogenic detrusoroveractivity (NDO).Methods: In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of non-invasive SNM using TAMS on our established spinal cordinjury (SCI) animal model. We demonstrated that spinally transectedrats develop urinary bladder hyper-reflexia after 3 weeks of SCI,indicated by the presence of uninhibited contractions, increasedresting pressure, increased threshold pressure and increased maximum voiding pressure.Results: Short-term neurostimulation affected urodynamics parameters by significantly reducing the threshold pressure (p = 0.02). Spinal transection also increased calcitonin gene-related protein(CGRP) concentration in the L6 dorsal root ganglia; whereas,neurostimulation significantly reduced CGRP concentration in L6(p = 0.03).Conclusion: TAMS caused a reduction in NDO by inhibitingC-fibre activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".