Phylogeny and Biogeography of Erythronium (Liliaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast matK and Nuclear rDNA ITS Sequences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We investigated phylogenetic relationships within Erythronium using DNA sequences from the chloroplast gene matK and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Erythronium, Amana, and Tulipa form a strongly supported clade that appears to be of Asian origin. Erythronium is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and consists of three well supported and geographically distinct clades occurring in western North America, eastern North America, and Eurasia. ITS analyses suggest that the Eurasian and eastern North American clades form a monophyletic group that separated into two lineages following divergence from the western North American clade. Although the three clades are each characterized by distinct morphological features, convergence both among and within geographic areas is seen in several characters. The western North American clade exhibits greater morphological and molecular diversity than either of the other two clades, and many of its species hybridize, suggesting both recent and ongoing speciation. The geographic distribution of Erythronium suggests initial diversification in Tertiary mixed mesophytic forest, followed by fragmentation of the range during the late Tertiary or early Pleistocene and subsequent radiation in western North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".