Marrying ‘the Other’: Trends and Determinants of Culturally Mixed Marriages in Québec, 1880–1940
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the determinants of ethno-religious intermarriage in Quebec over a century as an indication of integration in a province where minority/majority relations are distinct from the rest of Canada. Drawing on previous work by Kalmijn and others outside of Canada, we distinguish between cultural preferences and structural factors and continue a long tradition of such studies within Canada by using the manuscript censuses. We use data from 1881 (entire census), 1911 and 1941 censuses (newly available CCRI samples), to examine ethno-religious intermarriage among couples who were married at the time of the census for three successive generations thirty years apart. Using multilevel analysis we try to distinguish between the role of individual level determinants such as the ethno-religious identity, knowledge of French and English, level of education and immigrant status as well as characteristics of the areas in which these couples lived, such as type of milieu (rural and urban), sex ratio and degree of cultural diversity, separately for men and women. We confirm the importance of contextual variables both on their own and in addition to spouses’ characteristics. The models are relatively stable over the entire period and point to the importance of structural factors as well as the ethnic diversity of the area at the contextual level; cultural preferences also play a role, most especially among the Jewish. British Catholics (mostly Irish) show a particularly high propensity to marry across language and religious lines, reflecting their special position in Quebec society. Nous analysons dans cet article les déterminants des unions mixtes au Québec durant un siècle où l’immigration a donné lieu à diverses modalités d’intégration, dans une province où les rapports minorité/majorité diffèrent de ceux du reste du Canada. S’appuyant notamment sur les travaux de Kalmijn, ce texte explore les déterminants structurels et culturels des mariages mixtes au moyen des micro-données détaillées des recensements et s’inscrit dans la foulée d’études réalisées au Canada à partir de données semblables. Les données des recensements de 1881 (dans son entièreté), de 1911 et de 1941 (échantillons récemment constitués par l’IRCS) sont mises à profit pour analyser les comportements de trois générations de couples mariés sur des intervalles de trente ans. Utilisant une approche multiniveau, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l’impact de facteurs individuels tels que l’appartenance ethno-religieuse, la connaissance du français et de l’anglais, le niveau de scolarité ou le statut d’immigrant, et celui de facteurs contextuels tels que le milieu (urbain ou rural), le déséquilibre entre les sexes et le degré de diversité culturelle, sur la propension des hommes et des femmes à faire partie d’un couple mixte. Nos résultats confirment l’importance des variables contextuelles, séparément et une fois combinées aux variables individuelles. Les modèles demeurent stables au cours des trois périodes étudiées et font ressortir l’importance des facteurs structurels dans la propension à appartenir à un couple mixte, même si les facteurs culturels jouent également un rôle, particulièrement chez les Juifs. Les catholiques d’origine britannique, surtout des Irlandais, affichent la plus grande propension à la mixité, conséquence de leur positionnement unique dans la société québécoise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".