Pulmonary effects of perfluorocarbon emulsion therapy on Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in sickle cell mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFCEs) are a potential alternative therapy to blood transfusion in severe sickle cell lung disease. However, there are few data on the effects of PFCEs in sickle cell disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of intravenous therapy with PFCE on transgenic sickle cell and control mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae or vehicle . Methods: Mice were injected intravenously with single dose of saline or PFCE (3ml/Kg) +/- S. pneumoniae strain (D39) and harvested at 72 hours or on showing signs of 2+ lethargy. A second group of mice were injected with PFCE daily for 1 week. Histological analysis of lungs was performed using H&E sections and light microscopy. In addition, white blood cell analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Results: S. pneumoniae -infected mice treated with PFCE died earlier than those treated with vehicle and were less able to clear S. pneumoniae from the bloodstream. In the absence of infection, mice treated with a single dose of PFCE showed mild inflammatory changes in the lung. However, mice treated with PFCE for 1 week did not show any histological abnormalities. The inflammatory response in healthy mice injected with PFCE was significantly higher compared to sickle cell mice Conclusions: Single-dose PFCE therapy causes lung injury mice whereas chronic PFCE therapy does not. In addition, the inflammatory response to PFCE therapy is different in healthy and sickle cell mice. Further studies are required to determine mechanisms of inflammatory responses in sickle cell mice and whether supplemental oxygen therapy improves outcomes in mice infected with S. pneumoniae and treated with PFCE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".