The diatom Chaetoceros in ships ballast waters survivorship of stowaways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ship ballast water discharged by vessels into the receiving port is recognised today as an important vector for the spread of non-indigenous species and facilitates the introduction of potential invasive species. Here, we report on 18 species (of about 30 identified), both vegetative cells and spores, of the diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg found in ballast water collected from ships arriving at Canadian ports on the West Coast (WC), East Coast (EC) and the Great Lakes (GL). We found live, vegetative Chaetoceros cells (one of the most abundant taxa) in 49% of the 57 ballast water samples. The highest density of viable spores enumerated in our counts was 414 cells L –1 . In 62% of 52 samples examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Chaetoceros spores were found, though fewer live, identifiable spores were found using light microscopy. Three reportedly harmful species, C. convolutus, C. danicus, C. debilis were encountered in WC samples, and additionally, C. cf. hispidus, a species not yet reported from Canada. C. ceratosporus and C. cf. subsecundus, to date reported only from the EC of the USA, now have been transported to the port of Vancouver, British Columbia. Our findings contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of ballast water treatment via water exchange, and serve to evaluate the diversity of diatom vegetative cells and spores transported in ballast water tanks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".