Experimental investigation of sediment resuspension beneath internal solitary waves of depression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Internal solitary waves (ISWs) of depression are common features of coastal environments and believed to resuspend sediments where they shoal. In this study, the sediment resupension process associated with ISWs propagating over a flat bed was investigated in the laboratory. The first‐ever profile measurements of the three‐dimensional instantaneous velocity field beneath the ISWs revealed that resuspension occurs during burst like vertical velocity events, which lift sediments into the water column, in the adverse pressure gradient region beneath the trailing part of the wave. Resuspension was not observed when the wave‐induced viscous bed stress was maximal directly beneath the ISW trough. Prediction of wave‐induced resuspension was, therefore, unsuccessful using a traditional viscous bed stress‐based Shields diagram. A parameterization for ISW‐induced resuspension is proposed as a function of the maximum instantaneous vertical velocity in the bursts . Here we have replaced the viscous bed stress with , where is the instantaneous resuspending bed stress and is the near‐bed fluid density. From these results, it is possible for field‐oceanographers to predict the occurrence of ISW‐induced resuspension from the bulk wave and stratifications characteristics in a two‐layer stratification. Further research is required to extend the parameterization to larger Reynolds numbers at field‐scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".