Anti-predator behaviour of maternal caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in west-central Newfoundland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) calf survival largely depends on the physiological condition and behaviour of the mother, and her resulting ability to provide her calf with nourishment and protect her calf from harm. Calf mortality in Newfoundland's insular herds has increased dramatically in recent years, concurrent with a change in predator guild. Passive (vigilance) and active (response to disturbance) aspects of maternal anti-predator behaviour in the Gaff Topsail herd, west-central Newfoundland, were studied to gain an understanding of their implications for calf survival. -- The group-size effect on vigilance was only observed for adult female caribou engaged in foraging behaviour, indicating a foraging-vigilance trade-off exists (foraging increased and vigilance decreased when competition for local resources increased). Time-activity budgets did not differ between females with calves and those without; however, maternal caribou fed more intensely and were less frequently vigilant. When disturbed, maternal caribou were usually the first individuals to run and, particularly during the peri-calving season, separated from and ran further than other group members. -- Consistent with other evidence, this study supports the hypothesis that Newfoundland's insular caribou are currently facing nutrient stress. The reduction of vigilance in favour of foraging may additively contribute to predation vulnerability of calves. Aspects of maternal caribou response to disturbance indicate low levels of perceived safety but may increase calf vulnerability to stalking or coursing predators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".