Quantifying Northern Hemisphere freshwater ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The areal extent and volume of peak freshwater (river and lake) ice are quantified across the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1957–2002. Quantification is conducted using a degree‐day ice growth model and ice growth coefficients defined for 14 ice‐specific hydroclimatic regions. The model is driven by ERA‐40 gridded daily air temperature data, and the Global Lakes and Wetlands Database is employed to spatially define rivers and lakes. Results indicate that the total area covered by freshwater ice, at peak thickness, north of the January 0°C isotherm (excluding the Greenland ice sheet) is 1.7 × 10 6 km 2 and the total freshwater ice volume is 1.6 × 10 3 km 3 . This area is approximately equal to that of the Greenland ice sheet and the volume to snow on land (Northern Hemisphere). Such values now permit a more complete quantification of the cryosphere (evaluations already having been completed for other components, such as snow, glaciers, and sea ice) and provide a reference data set for assessing future climate‐related changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".