Cryptococcus gattii infections on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: emergence of a tropical fungus in a temperate environment.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus gattii causes disease among immunocompetent individuals in the tropics and subtropics. We document the appearance of C. gattii infections on Vancouver Island (VI), a temperate region, and discuss reasons for this emergence. METHODS: Data on Cryptococcus hospitalizations for the calendar years 1995 through 2004 were reviewed. Viable historic isolates stored at the provincial public health laboratory between 1987 and 2000 were serotyped. Human cases were mapped by place of residence. RESULTS: Cryptococcosis among HIV negative individuals diagnosed on VI increased sharply after 1999. C. gattii was not detected in stored isolates prior to 1999. C. gattii cases lived in a specific biogeoclimatic zone on VI. Higher rates of illness were associated with exposure to the central region of VI. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of C. gattii in a temperate region is unprecedented. Clinicians should consider C. gattii in the differential diagnosis of individuals who travelled to certain areas in British Columbia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".