A Reference Impedance-Based Passive Islanding Detection Method for Inverter-Based Distributed Generation System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a passive islanding detection method based on computing a set of frequency-dependent reference impedance magnitudes and comparing them with the measured impedance magnitudes at the point of common coupling (PCC). The reference impedance may be identified online over a selected frequency band from the measured voltage and current at the PCC. Islanding is detected when the magnitude differences between the reference impedance and the measured impedance over the chosen frequency band are smaller than a preset threshold. Robustness of the proposed method is verified in a distribution network, the method avoids misdiagnosing islanding condition as normal condition. Performance analyses are discussed from two perspectives of nondetection zone (NDZ) and fault detection zone. By combining the undervoltage/overvoltage (UV/OV) and underfrequency/overfrequency (UF/OF) methods with the proposed method, the NDZs of UV/OV and UF/OF methods can be reduced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".