Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liu, G. and Si, B. C. 2011. Soil ice content measurement using a heat pulse probe method. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 235–246. Measuring the volume-based ice content (θ i ) and thermal conductivity (k) of frozen soil is important for modeling energy and water balance of the earth's surface. The objective of this study was to examine whether a heat pulse probe (HPP) method can be used to measure soil ice content. To minimize ice melting, a heat pulse of duration of 60 s and strength of q′≈25 W m −1 was used for a HPP in frozen sands at various temperatures (T). For a 60-s heating duration, we compared the infinite line source (ILS) solution and finite line source solution with the solution of finite sample size and finite line source through simulations. The simulation suggested that a 60-s heating duration for ILS can be used for long heater probes in infinite media, or short probes in finite size samples in containers made of thermally insulating materials. In this study, sands were packed in small containers with heat pulse probes and a 60-s heating duration, and ILS were used for ice content estimation. Our results suggest that the HPP method has limited use in frozen soil. For sands with a mean grain size of 0.41 mm and 2.13 mm, there were good agreements between the HPP measured and gravimetric θ i values at temperature below −22°C and −18°C, respectively. However, above these temperatures, ice melting was significant and would lead to overestimation of θ i . The higher the initial temperature, the larger the overestimation of θ i .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".