Epidermal axonal swellings in painful and painless diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain (NeP) in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is unclear. A potential pathological feature associated with intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) loss in DPN is axonal swellings. METHODS: We determined the prevalence of intraepidermal axonal swellings in DPN patients with or without NeP and compared the findings with diabetes patients without DPN, patients with idiopathic neuropathy with NeP, and control subjects. The primary outcome measure was the ratio of axonal swellings to IENFD. Secondary outcome measures included clinical neuropathy severity and assessment for messenger RNA for voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. RESULTS: IENFD was depressed in DPN (with/without pain) and in idiopathic neuropathy patients. Axonal swelling ratios were similar for DPN subjects with and without pain. There was no overexpression of voltage-gated ion channels in epidermis from DPN patients. Clinical neuropathy severity was only related to IENFD. CONCLUSIONS: There was no clinical relationship to pain or clinical neuropathy severity for axonal swellings in DPN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".