Effect of phosphate rock on the solubility of heavy metals in soils saturated with industrial wastewater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Irshad, M., Khan, R. U., Jadoon, S., Hassan, A. and Egrinya Eneji, A. 2014. Effect of phosphate rock on the solubility of heavy metals in soils saturated with industrial wastewater. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 543–549. An in situ technology for immobilizing metals in polluted soils could be a more effective approach to managing their toxicity to the environment, especially plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milled phosphate rock (PR) on the sorption of Ni, Cd and Cu ions in differently textured soils polluted with industrial wastewater. For this purpose, soils were mixed with two particle size fractions (0.2 mm and 1 mm) of PR material. Each material was applied at the rate of 0, 2.5 and 5%. Results showed that PR amendment reduced the solubilization of heavy metals in the order sandy clay loam>sandy loam>loamy sand. Metal concentrations in soils saturated with industrial wastewater were in the order Ni>Cd>Cu. Solubilization of metal ions in soils also reduced with the increase in the amount of rock phosphate added. This occurred more with the finer PR fraction. The concentrations of heavy metals in soils varied directly with their respective concentrations in the wastewater. Saturating soil with wastewater for a longer time increased the solubility of heavy metals. The adsorptive capacity of heavy metals from the respective aqueous solution also increased with increasing shaking time. The finer PR particles better enhanced the sorption capacity of heavy metals. This study indicated that the retention of heavy metals by PR mineral in contaminated soils may reduce the contamination risk in surface and subsurface waters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".