Heat acclimation improves regulation of plasma volume and plasma Na<sup>+</sup>content during exercise in horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study determined the plasma volume (PV) and ion responses to heat acclimation and exercise in six trained Thoroughbred horses during 21 days of exposure to heat and humidity (33 degrees C, 83% relative humidity) for 4 h/day. During the 2nd h on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21, horses performed a standardized treadmill test, running at 50% of peak O(2) uptake until pulmonary artery temperature reached 41.5 degrees C. Heat acclimation resulted in an increase in PV from 21.3 +/- 1.1 liters on day 0 to 24.3 +/- 1.0 liters on day 14, returning to 22.6 +/- 0.9 liters on day 21. The corresponding total plasma protein contents were 1,273 +/- 53, 1,455 +/- 81, and 1,377 +/- 57 g, respectively, and increases in total plasma Na(+) plus Cl(-) content were 5,145 +/- 126, 5,749 +/- 146, and 5,394 +/- 114 mmol, respectively. Thus changes in PV were accompanied by direct changes in plasma protein and osmolyte contents. With exercise on day 0, PV decreased by 7.1 +/- 0.7% at 5 min of exercise and remained decreased (-6.7 +/- 1.3%) at 5 min of recovery. By day 21, PV decreased significantly less than on day 0 (by 5.2 +/- 0.9% at 5 min of exercise), was decreased by only 2.0 +/- 1.6% at 5 min of recovery, and was fully restored at 15 min of recovery. Plasma Na(+) concentration increased 3 meq/l during the first 5 min of exercise and was normalized by 5 min of recovery on day 0 and by end exercise on day 21. It is concluded that improved ability to regulate PV during exercise in response to heat acclimatization is associated with an increased PV and an improved conservation of Na(+).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".