Social Anxiety Disorder Is Associated With PTSD Symptom Presentation: An Exploratory Study Within A Nationally Representative Sample
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) demonstrate a high degree of comorbidity (ranging from 14.8% to 46.0%); however, little is known about the nature of this association. Contemporary research has largely focused on treatment-seeking or veteran samples, and may not generalize to the population as a whole. Large-scale epidemiological studies are needed to fill existing gaps in the literature and to clarify this association for the general population. The current study examined whether the presence of comorbid SAD influenced PTSD symptom presentation. The rate of individual PTSD symptoms was investigated among individuals with PTSD and SAD in comparison to those with PTSD alone. Data were obtained from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large, nationally representative survey of American adults (n = 34,653). Analyses revealed elevated rates of PTSD symptoms among those with comorbid PTSD and SAD across all symptom clusters, with significant odds ratios ranging from 1.5 to 4.87. Adjusting for depression and other Axis I disorders did not substantially alter study findings. Results suggest that the presence of SAD is associated with differences in the expression of PTSD symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".