"A rather vexed question...": the Federal-Provincial debate over the constitucional responsibility for Métis Scrip
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EnglishThe British North America Act, 1930 (the Natural Resources Transfer Agreements) marked the end of lengthy battle between the provincial governments of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba and the federal government of Canada. Prior to 1930, the provincial governments did not have administrative control over their natural resources and were not constitutionally equal to the other Canadian provinces. One of the terms of the constitutionalized agreements provided that after the transfer, the provincial governments would undertake all of the federal governments’ continuing obligations to third parties. One of these obligations was the redemption of Metis scrip issued by the federal government to extinguish the Metis interest in the lands. The provinces initially refused to accept this obligation, which led to an extensive debate over the constitutional responsibility for Metis scrip. The author examines this debate in order to shed light on the nature and extent of the constitutional obligations that were owed to the Metis prior to their inclusion in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. francaisTL’Acte de l’Amerique du Nord britannique, 1930 (les Conventions sur le transfert des ressources naturelles) marqua la fin d’une longue lutte entre les gouvernements provinciaux de la Saskatchewan, de l’Alberta et du Manitoba et le gouvernement federal du Canada. Avant 1930, les gouvernements provinciaux n’avaient aucun controle administratif sur leurs ressources naturelles et n’etaient pas egaux, sur le plan constitutionnel, aux autres provinces canadiennes. Une des conditions de ces accords de transfert etait l’obligation, pour les gouvernements provinciaux, de respecter les engagements du gouvernement federal envers les tiers. Une de ces obligations etait le rachat des certificats des Metis emis par le gouvernement federal dans le but de mettre fin aux interets des Metis sur les terres. Les provinces refuserent d’abord cette obligation qui mena a un vaste debat sur la responsabilite constitutionnelle des certificats des Metis. L’auteur examine ce debat afin de jeter de la lumiere sur la nature et la portee des obligations constitutionnelles envers les Metis avant leur inclusion dans l’article 35 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".