Morphological Interpretations of Glacial Forms by Spatial Analysis in the Area Surrounding Lake Simcoe, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drumlins are sedimentary geological features that indicate the final direction of glacier movement; as a result, they are of great interest in understanding past glacial events. In southern Ontario alone, thousands of drumlins have been mapped and interpreted remotely through the use of aerial imagery or topographic maps. These are often paired with digital elevation models (DEMs) and/or contour maps offering detailed information about the area of study. This paper presents the results of a change-detection study that used maps of different vintages of the drumlin-rich area around Lake Simcoe in southern Ontario. Two topographic maps and two DEMs, each with contours at 25-ft (7.6-m) and 10-m intervals, were compared in three regions: (A) the urban region in the city of Orillia, overlying sand plains; (B) the area east of Orillia, on top of clay plains; and (C) the region south-east of Lake Simcoe, overlying till plains. The 7.6-m contour topographic maps and DEMs display comparable levels of detail; however, over time the drumlins appear to erode, likely a product of the underlying sediment in combination with urbanization. The 10-m contour topographic maps display less detail than DEMs of the same resolution, suggesting that the popular topographic maps are not the most reliable method of mapping drumlins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".