<i>Leishmania infantum</i> Promotes Replication of HIV Type 1 in Human Lymphoid Tissue Cultured Ex Vivo by Inducing Secretion of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-1α
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parasitic infections such as leishmaniasis can modulate the life cycle of HIV-1 and disease progression. Coinfection with HIV-1 and Leishmania has emerged as a serious threat in countries where both pathogenic agents are widespread. Although there are numerous clinical reports illustrating the cofactor role played by Leishmania in HIV-1-infected patients, there is still no information on the contribution of Leishmania to the biology of HIV-1 in human lymphoid tissue that is considered a major in vivo site of virus production. In this study we explored the modulatory effect of Leishmania on the process of HIV-1 infection using ex vivo cultured human tonsillar tissue. We found that the protozoan parasite Leishmania enhances both HIV-1 transcription and virus production after infection of human tonsillar tissue infected ex vivo with viral strains bearing various coreceptor usage profiles. Studies conducted with pentoxifylline and neutralizing Abs revealed that the Leishmania-mediated increase in HIV-1 production was linked to a higher production of TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha. Our findings help to unravel the molecular mechanism(s) through which the two microorganisms interact and provide information that may be useful for the design of more effective therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling disease progression in persons dually infected with HIV-1 and Leishmania. This work also indicates that histocultures of human lymphoid tissue infected by both pathogens represent an ideal experimental cell system to dissect interactions occurring between HIV-1 and an opportunist pathogen in a human microenvironment that approximates conditions prevailing under physiological situations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".