Morphological and trophic differentiation of growth morphotypes of walleye (Sander vitreus) from Lake Winnipeg, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ecologically related polymorphisms occur in many northern freshwater fish populations and are distinguished by alternate phenotypes consistently associated with differential use of habitats or resources. We tested for polymorphism in walleye (Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818)) in the south basin of Lake Winnipeg, where evidence suggests that “dwarf” and “normal” growth forms may coexist. Morphometric comparisons of these growth forms at similar size demonstrated significant differences in the relative sizes of head, snout, eye, and mouth, collectively suggesting dwarf individuals inhabit a more benthic niche than normal morphs. Stable isotope analysis did not support this morphometric interpretation, however, as δ13C and δ15N isotope signatures were similar between similar-sized individuals of both forms, but differed from those of large normal walleye. Walleye from Lake Winnipeg do not seem to exhibit a simple resource polymorphism where different ecotypes are associated with alternate habitats throughout their life history, nor do they exhibit characteristics of a simple mating polymorphism. We suggest the walleye from Lake Winnipeg represent two growth forms sharing a common juvenile habitat followed by the normal form shifting into an alternative adult niche.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".