Enhanced cytotoxicity of dimethylformamide by ultrasound in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polar solvents, including dimethylformamide (DMF), are investigated as anticancer drugs. The effects of a noncytotoxic DMF dose alone and with ultrasound exposure on HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells grown in suspension culture are examined. The cells are insonified in a free field configuration which creates little cytotoxicity without the introduction of albumin stabilized microbubbles into the exposure chamber. When microbubbles are introduced, cytotoxicity of DMF and ultrasound is significantly higher than for ultrasound alone. The necessary presence of microbubbles for the enhanced cytotoxicity of DMF by ultrasound suggests that a likely enhancement mechanism is acoustic cavitation which should be initiated by the existence of microbubbles as nuclei. Albumin stabilized microbubbles, similar to those presently used as ultrasound contrast agents, may provide a significant source of nuclei and improve prospects for cancer therapy using acoustic cavitation.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".