La langue française au Rwanda. Chronique d’une mort programmée
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
En 2009, le Rwanda, ancienne colonie belge et pays francophone, passe officiellement et sans états d’âme « de Voltaire à Shakespeare » ( Ouazani), en s’affiliant au Commonwealth, au terme d’ un intense lobbying auprès des membres influents de ce club réservé essentiellement aux anciennes colonies britanniques. L’anglais devient langue unique de formation du primaire à l’université, reléguant ainsi le français au rang de simple langue seconde parmi tant d’autres proposées dans les programmes de formation publique ou privée. Eu égard à cette quête de changement d’alliances, d’autres pays tels que le Gabon, le Burundi, le Madagascar seraient des exemples intéressants à examiner, mais nous proposons de nous concentrer sur le cas particulier et sans précédent du Rwanda. En jetant un regard critique sur certains aspects de l’entreprise coloniale belge notamment sa stratégie éducative, nous tenterons de montrer que le déclin du français, c’est-à-dire sa perte de statut de langue officielle et peut-être un jour sa disparition pure et simple comme langue d’usage par les Rwandais, était programmé d’avance, inscrit non seulement dans les gènes mêmes de son implantation par l’autorité coloniale belge, il y a environ un siècle de cela, mais surtout dans la singularité du contexte farouchement et exclusivement monolingue du Rwanda traditionnel ; que même si le rebond de la langue française n’est pas impossible, le chemin est parsemé d’obstacles presque infranchissables, en raison de la nouvelle donne géostratégique, linguistique du Rwanda et une politique économique axée sur les nouvelles technologies de l’information où l’anglais reste prédominant. 
 
 Abstract
 
 In 2009, Rwanda, former belgian colony and francophone country, switches, in Ouazani’s terms, from Voltaire to Shakespeare, becoming officially and unapologetically affiliated with the Commonwealth, after intensely lobbying the influential members of that club, whose membership is essentially composed of former british colonies. English become the sole language of instruction from elementary school to university, while French joined the rank of other optional second languages taught in both public and private institutions. Although some other countries like Gabon, Burundi and Madagascar, which are apparently tempted by the same affiliation, are interesting cases in point, I will rather focus on this singular and unprecedented shift operated by Rwanda. By pointing out some aspects of the belgian colonial enterprise, particularly its instruction rationale and strategies, I will attempt to argue that the actual decline of French - its loss of the status of official language and, perhaps, its pure and simple disappearance in Rwanda one day- was programmed in advance, written not only in the very genes of its colonial inception a century ago, but also in the nationalistic context of traditional Rwanda with its prevailing and self-sufficent monolingualism. I shall also point out that even though the rebirth of French language is not impossible, the path remains mined by daunting obstacles, related to the new geostrategic and linguistic road Rwanda has taken, as well as the actual government’ economic plan, centered on information technologies in which English is predominant.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it