Prostaglandin D2 enhances interleukin -1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in osteoarthritic cartilage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the effects of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in human cartilage and the signalling pathways involved in these effects. Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 in the presence or absence of PGD2, and expression of COX-2 protein was evaluated by western-blotting. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The role of the PGD2 receptors D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1) and chemoattractant receptor-like molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) was evaluated using specific agonists. PGD2 increased in a dose-dependent manner IL-1-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. DP1 and CRTH2 were expressed and functional in chondrocytes. The effect of PGD2 was mimicked by DK-PGD2 and Indomethacin, selective agonists of CRTH2, but not by BW245C, a selective agonist of DP1. Furthermore, treatment with an anti-CRTH2 antibody reversed the effect of PGD2, indicating that the stimulatory effect of PGD2 is mediated by CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 is consistent with the activation of a receptor coupled to a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase, suggesting that the effect of PGD2 is mediated by the CRTH2/PIP2/PKC. PGD2 stimulates IL-1-induced production of COX-2 by chondrocytes through the CRTH2/PIP2/PKC signalling pathway.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".