Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Germanium is a semiconducting metalloid element found in Group 14 (IVA), Period 4 of the Periodic Table. Although it looks like a metal, it has a diamond cubic crystal structure and is fragile like glass. Its electrical resistivity is about midway between that of metallic conductors and good electrical insulators. The first significant use was in solid‐state electronics, and, using germanium, the transistor was invented. The entire modern field of semiconductors owes it development to the early successful use of germanium. Germanium is used for optical fiber production, as polymerization catalysts, in infrared optics, in electronic and solar applications, and in other miscellaneous markets. Germanium usually occurs widely dispersed in minerals. Most germanium production has been from zinc smelters and copper smelters. Germanium also occurs in significant concentrations in many coals around the world. Germanium is quite stable in air up to 400°C, where slow oxidation begins. The metal resists concentrated acid and alkali. Many Ge alloys have been prepared and studied. No mineral is mined solely for its germanium content. Almost all of the Ge recovered worldwide is a by‐product of other mining. Germanium compounds generally have a low order of toxicity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it